What is meant by the term fog?
a. The mixing of an image with a fixed color that thickens as the image's pixels get further away from the viewpoint.
b. A special type of channel used in graphics software for saving selections.
c. a technique of blending bitmap-based images and text to reduce the stair-stepping or jagged appearance.
d. The relationship of an image's width to height or its proportions.
In a 3-D graphics environment, the process of subdividing a surface into a mesh of smaller shapes that are easy to analyze is known as:
a. Anti-aliasing
b. Tessellation
c. Blending
d. Texture mapping
The serial execution of the processes applied to geometric primitives (text, lines, polygons, curves, and surfaces) in a graphics package to produce two-dimensional output is called its:
a. Execution LIFO stack
b. Graphical modeling
c. Transmogrification
d. Rendering pipeline
What is meant by the term auto trace?
a. A part of off-screen memory that holds the distance from the viewpoint for each pixel, the Z-value.
b. A programmed function in illustration software that converts raster graphics into vector graphics whereby paths are created along the edges of a scanned image.
c. A process of removing hidden surfaces by sorting polygons in back-to-front order prior to rendering.
d. Areas in an image with a blocky or blotchy appearance.
Which of the following is/are basic phases of creating 3-D computer graphics?
a. 3-D modeling
b. 3-D rendering
c. Transmogrification
d. Computer animation
When considering illumination from light sources, which of the following types of light sources has the same intensity in all directions:
a. Point source
b. Spot light
c. Parallel light
d. Specular
Another term for the video output device for storing the graphic image as it is being formed and later used for displaying the image is:
a. FIFO stack
b. Frame buffer
c. Flash drive
d. L3 cache
Images based upon geometric elements, such as points, curves, and surfaces, that follow mathematical equations are called:
a. Marques
b. Vectors
c. Knock-outs
d. Halftones
A technique for achieving higher quality in lower-quality images is called __________. It takes advantage of an optical illusion to simulate 24-bit quality with 8-bit or 16-bit images:
a. Dithering
b. 3-D pipeline
c. Interpolation
d. Surface removal
Which of the following file formats are popular vector-graphics formats?
a. EPS
b. XLS
c. SVG
d. PDF
Which one of the following graphics standard specifications is the main competitor to Microsoft's Direct3D (the 3D graphics API within DirectX)?
a. OpenGL
b. PHIGS
c. X 11
d. IRIS GL
Select from the following choices the one that most closely completes the Shannon sampling theorem: "The ideal samples of a continuous function contain all the information in the original function if and only if the continuous function is sampled at a frequency ___________ the highest frequency in the function."
a. Equal to
b. Greater than twice
c. Greater than one-half
d. Less than one-half
Which of the following is the most commonly used lighting model?
a. Xerxes
b. Z-buffering
c. Texture mapping
d. Phong
Which of the following statements about pixels are true? (Answer all that apply.)
a. A pixel has a dimension.
b. A pixel is a point.
c. Pixels are visible.
d. A pixel can have coordinates.
Of the following, select all of the techniques that could be employed in anti-aliasing:
a. Sinc-function filtering
b. Supersampling
c. Z-buffering
d. Flat shading
An image rendering process that builds images based upon the propagation of light rays and the effects of absorption, reflection, and refraction associated with the objects being scanned is termed as:
a. Ray tracing
b. Grommets
c. Spread
d. Mask
_________ adds appropriately colored pixels to an image to make it seem as though more colors were present in the original.
a. Imposition
b. Logo
c. Dithering
d. Over print
What does the term "flythrough" imply?
a. A series of mathematical operations that act on output primitives and geometric attributes to convert them from modeling coordinates to device coordinates.
b. A memory buffer used to hold one line of video.
c. Displayed representation of a scene or an object that appears to have three axes of reference: height, width, and depth (x, y, and z).
d. A type of animation in which the camera moves around a scene, rather than objects moving in front of a stationary camera.
Which of the following colors belong to the standard four-color subtractive color model used in color printing or otherwise used to describe the printing process?
a. Red
b. Magenta
c. Yellow
d. Green
Which of the following polygon meshes is most commonly used in mesh modelling because its input data are more readily acceptable to modern hardware?
a. Vertex-vertex mesh
b. Winged-edge mesh
c. Vertex-face mesh
d. Quad-edge mesh
Which of the following techniques reduces the appearance of jagged edges of lines and edges in raster graphics?
a. Warnock space subdivision
b. Depth sort
c. Gouraud shading
d. Anti-aliasing
What is meant by the term crop?
a. In proportional spacing, the tightening of space between letters to create a visually appealing flow to the text.
b. The analysis of a picture using techniques that can identify shades, colors, and relationships that cannot be perceived by the human eye.
c. Changing or improving graphics images, either interactively using a paint program or by using software routines that alter contrast, smooth lines, or filter out unwanted data.
d. Trimming or masking of photos, graphics, drawings, or illustrations.
The vector-graphics package that was developed by Microsoft is:
a. Draw
b. Inkscape
c. Illustrator
d. Visio
Which of the following are common shading models?
a. Cortez
b. flat
c. Gouraud
d. Phong
The effect that occurs when an object nearer to the viewport in 3-D space blocks (masks) another, more distant object from view is called:
a. Depth
b. Cueing
c. Occlusion
d. Filtering
The process whereby a specific key color (often blue or green) within an image is made transparent when that image is mixed with another image is known as:
a. Graphic keying
b. Chroma keying
c. Shade keying
d. Scissors keying
Which of the following best describes the term "vertex-vertex polygon mesh?"
a. A process by which color information is interpolated across the face of the polygon to determine the colors at each pixel.
b. A method of using two buffers, one for display and the other for rendering.
c. The simplest mathematical representation of a mesh, but which is not widely used due to the lack of explicit face and edge information.
d. A method of increasing the quality of a texture map by applying different-resolution texture maps for different objects in the same image, depending on their size and depth.
Which one of the following is a data structure used to organize objects within a space, which can be used in hidden-surface removal and in ray tracing?
a. Patch mesh
b. Circular buffer
c. Binary space partitioning (BSP) tree
d. Hash table
What is meant by the term projection?
a. The process of mapping three dimensional images to two dimensions for display.
b. An interpolation technique used to remove texture distortion, stair casing, or jagged edges at the edges of an object.
c. The part of the graphics engine that draws 3-D primitives, usually triangles or other simple polygons.
d. Wrapping a texture image onto an object to create a realistic representation of the object in 3D space.
Which one of the following formats would provide the least amount of pixelation when its dimensions are scaled (magnified) in size?
a. JPEG
b. TIFF
c. PNG
d. EPS
What does the term "jaggies" imply?
a. Image that continues from one page of a publication across the gutter or spine to the facing page.
b. The stair-step effect seen along curves and edges in text or bit-mapped graphics.
c. In halftone screens, a measurement of resolution or detail.
d. A photographic proof made from assembled (stripped) negatives.
What is meant by the term rigging?
a. A combination of colors that appear to have a stronger impact and highly visible look.
b. The area of the graphics memory used to store the Z or depth information about rendered objects.
c. The process of linking a 3-D object, such as modeling a character, to its bone structure (skeletal animation).
d. The process of applying a texture to the surface of 3-D models to simulate walls, sky, etc.
What does the term "depth sort" imply?
a. To convert an image or signal into digital code by scanning, tracing on a graphics tablet, or using an analog to digital conversion device.
b. An algorithm for creating a hidden-line drawing of polygon data sets by drawing the polygons from the most distant to the closest, in order.
c. The simulation of a continuous-tone image (shaded drawing, photograph) with dots.
d. In computer graphics, a particular shade or tint of a given color.
Which of the following rotation techniques gives the best results?
a. Euler angles
b. Axis-angle
c. 3 by 3 matrix
d. Quaternions
The process of using an image described in a vector-graphics format and converting it into a bitmapped image as output on a display or printer, or as storage in a bitmapped file is known as
a. Pixelation
b. Rasterization
c. Transmogrification
d. Animation
Which one of the color parameters measures how far away the color is from gray?
a. Hue
b. Saturation
c. Brightness
d. Gamut
A process in 2-D computer graphics whereby a closed vector path is used to mask (block) parts of an image is known as:
a. Double path
b. Palletized path
c. Keying path
d. Clipping path
Which of the following is/are typical steps in a graphical pipeline that converts three-dimensional objects for two-dimensional display or printing?
a. Hidden line/hidden surface removal (HLHSR)
b. Rasterization
c. Viewport mapping and clipping
d. Writing to the framebuffer
What is meant by the term gradient?
a. A binary representation in which a bit or set of bits corresponds to some part of an object such as an image or font.
b. In computer graphics, a curve that is generated using a mathematical formula which assures continuity with other b-splines.
c. A color (or grayscale) fill that gradually blends from one color to another, perhaps from light to dark, for example.
d. In computer graphics, a technique for simulating rough textures by creating irregularities in shading.
In computer graphics, when a line or object is moved where one end or point stays fixed in position is termed as:
a. Perfect banding
b. Rubber banding
c. Print banding
d. Saddle banding